The air you would be breathing

Annual PM2.5 against the WHO guideline of 5 µg/m³. Only 55 of 921 cities meet it.

Horizontal bar chart of the 28 cities with the highest annual PM2.5, with the WHO guideline of 5 micrograms marked

Red is 25 µg/m³ and above, amber 15 and above. The dashed line is the WHO guideline, which almost nothing clears.

What the chart says

Only 55 of 921 cities meet the WHO guideline. The guideline is 5 µg/m³; the worst city on the list, Beijing, runs 81.9 — 16.4 times over.
It is not a rich/poor split. Los Angeles, Warsaw and Kraków sit in the same band as Bangkok and Ho Chi Minh City.

All 921

Every city, dirtiest first.

#	City	Market	PM2.5 µg/m³	× WHO guideline
1	Beijing	CHN	81.9	16.4×
2	Faisalabad	PAK	77.7	15.5×
3	Lahore	PAK	68.3	13.7×
4	Multan	PAK	66.4	13.3×
5	Delhi	IND	65.9	13.2×
6	Kano	NGA	63.7	12.7×
7	Jakarta	IDN	62.9	12.6×
8	Gujranwala	PAK	62.8	12.6×
9	Zhengzhou	CHN	62.5	12.5×
10	Chengdu	CHN	58.0	11.6×
11	Tianjin	CHN	57.6	11.5×
12	Wuhan	CHN	57.4	11.5×
13	Kuwait City	KWT	57.1	11.4×
14	Farwaniya	KWT	57.1	11.4×
15	Fintas	KWT	57.1	11.4×
16	Mangaf	KWT	57.1	11.4×
17	Mubarak Al-Kabeer	KWT	57.1	11.4×
18	Ahmadi	KWT	57.1	11.4×
19	Hawalli	KWT	57.1	11.4×
20	Firdous	KWT	57.1	11.4×
21	Biratnagar	NPL	54.8	11.0×
22	Rajshahi	BGD	53.7	10.7×
23	Xi'an	CHN	52.6	10.5×
24	Kolkata	IND	52.6	10.5×
25	Chongqing	CHN	52.0	10.4×
26	Shanghai	CHN	48.5	9.7×
27	Hangzhou	CHN	48.1	9.6×
28	Nanjing	CHN	48.0	9.6×
29	Bandung	IDN	47.9	9.6×
30	Dhaka	BGD	46.5	9.3×
31	Abuja	NGA	46.2	9.2×
32	Birgunj	NPL	44.6	8.9×
33	Khulna	BGD	43.0	8.6×
34	Enugu	NGA	42.9	8.6×
35	Dubai	ARE	41.6	8.3×
36	Butwal	NPL	41.3	8.3×
37	Jahra	KWT	41.1	8.2×
38	Barishal	BGD	40.3	8.1×
39	Bharatpur	NPL	40.2	8.0×
40	Changsha	CHN	40.1	8.0×
41	Hanoi	VNM	39.9	8.0×
42	Guangzhou	CHN	39.7	7.9×
43	Sharjah	ARE	39.1	7.8×
44	Tehran	IRN	39.0	7.8×
45	Sylhet	BGD	38.7	7.7×
46	Ajman	ARE	38.2	7.6×
47	Kuala Lumpur	MYS	37.9	7.6×
48	Rawalpindi	PAK	37.4	7.5×
49	Islamabad	PAK	37.4	7.5×
50	Phuntsholing	BTN	36.5	7.3×
51	Ibadan	NGA	36.0	7.2×
52	Luxor	EGY	35.6	7.1×
53	Mumbai	IND	35.2	7.0×
54	Abu Dhabi	ARE	34.5	6.9×
55	Jaipur	IND	34.5	6.9×
56	Aswan	EGY	34.2	6.8×
57	Saint-Louis	SEN	34.1	6.8×
58	Peshawar	PAK	33.5	6.7×
59	Surabaya	IDN	32.5	6.5×
60	Lalitpur	NPL	32.5	6.5×
61	Kathmandu	NPL	32.5	6.5×
62	Al Ain	ARE	32.2	6.4×
63	Qingdao	CHN	31.8	6.4×
64	Rufisque	SEN	31.7	6.3×
65	Benin City	NGA	31.5	6.3×
66	Dakar	SEN	31.3	6.3×
67	Samdrup Jongkhar	BTN	30.8	6.2×
68	Thiès	SEN	30.1	6.0×
69	Lagos	NGA	29.8	6.0×
70	Port Harcourt	NGA	29.8	6.0×
71	Medan	IDN	29.7	5.9×
72	Diourbel	SEN	29.6	5.9×
73	Touba	SEN	29.4	5.9×
74	Mbour	SEN	29.1	5.8×
75	Yogyakarta	IDN	29.0	5.8×
76	Kish	IRN	29.0	5.8×
77	Santiago	CHL	28.8	5.8×
78	Tokyo	JPN	28.4	5.7×
79	Yokohama	JPN	28.4	5.7×
80	Chattogram	BGD	28.2	5.6×
81	Milan	ITA	28.1	5.6×
82	Kaolack	SEN	28.1	5.6×
83	Turin	ITA	27.9	5.6×
84	Semarang	IDN	27.7	5.5×
85	Dalian	CHN	27.5	5.5×
86	Hyderabad	PAK	27.2	5.4×
87	Shenzhen	CHN	27.1	5.4×
88	Karachi	PAK	26.8	5.4×
89	Pune	IND	26.7	5.3×
90	Kampala	UGA	26.5	5.3×
91	Seoul	KOR	26.4	5.3×
92	Incheon	KOR	26.4	5.3×
93	Suwon	KOR	26.4	5.3×
94	Gelephu	BTN	26.4	5.3×
95	Jimma	ETH	26.3	5.3×
96	Xiamen	CHN	26.2	5.2×
97	Hai Phong	VNM	26.1	5.2×
98	Hyderabad	IND	26.0	5.2×
99	Tamale	GHA	25.9	5.2×
100	Moscow	RUS	25.7	5.1×
101	Ziguinchor	SEN	25.7	5.1×
102	Zhuhai	CHN	25.5	5.1×
103	Johannesburg	ZAF	25.5	5.1×
104	Kaohsiung City	TWN	25.4	5.1×
105	Tainan City	TWN	25.4	5.1×
106	Dire Dawa	ETH	25.1	5.0×
107	Tuzla	BIH	25.1	5.0×
108	Taichung City	TWN	24.8	5.0×
109	Cox's Bazar	BGD	24.7	4.9×
110	Isfahan	IRN	24.6	4.9×
111	Bangkok	THA	24.5	4.9×
112	Kigali	RWA	24.5	4.9×
113	Rwamagana	RWA	24.3	4.9×
114	Harbin	CHN	24.3	4.9×
115	Mbale	UGA	24.2	4.8×
116	Kraków	POL	24.1	4.8×
117	Quetzaltenango	GTM	23.9	4.8×
118	Cairo	EGY	23.7	4.7×
119	Giza	EGY	23.7	4.7×
120	Nyagatare	RWA	23.5	4.7×
121	Ayutthaya	THA	23.4	4.7×
122	Antigua Guatemala	GTM	23.3	4.7×
123	Shiraz	IRN	23.3	4.7×
124	Escuintla	GTM	23.3	4.7×
125	Birendranagar	NPL	23.2	4.6×
126	Jounieh	LBN	23.1	4.6×
127	Mashhad	IRN	23.1	4.6×
128	Kumasi	GHA	23.0	4.6×
129	Ho	GHA	23.0	4.6×
130	Kisumu	KEN	22.9	4.6×
131	Kochi	IND	22.9	4.6×
132	Ho Chi Minh City	VNM	22.7	4.5×
133	Istanbul	TUR	22.6	4.5×
134	Mbarara	UGA	22.6	4.5×
135	Bouake	CIV	22.4	4.5×
136	Muhanga	RWA	22.3	4.5×
137	Trinidad	BOL	22.2	4.4×
138	Korhogo	CIV	22.1	4.4×
139	Jinja	UGA	21.9	4.4×
140	São Paulo	BRA	21.8	4.4×
141	Panaji	IND	21.8	4.4×
142	Taipei City	TWN	21.7	4.3×
143	Fort Portal	UGA	21.6	4.3×
144	Calabar	NGA	21.4	4.3×
145	Beirut	LBN	21.1	4.2×
146	Barcelona	VEN	21.1	4.2×
147	Masaka	UGA	21.1	4.2×
148	Hawassa	ETH	21.0	4.2×
149	Mexico City	MEX	20.9	4.2×
150	Warsaw	POL	20.6	4.1×
151	Zahle	LBN	20.6	4.1×
152	Man	CIV	20.3	4.1×
153	Colombo	LKA	20.3	4.1×
154	Hsinchu City	TWN	20.2	4.0×
155	Ulaanbaatar	MNG	20.0	4.0×
156	Yamoussoukro	CIV	20.0	4.0×
157	Belgrade	SRB	19.9	4.0×
158	Chennai	IND	19.9	4.0×
159	Chiang Mai	THA	19.8	4.0×
160	Ankara	TUR	19.7	3.9×
161	Los Angeles	USA	19.6	3.9×
162	Panajachel	GTM	19.6	3.9×
163	San Pedro La Laguna	GTM	19.6	3.9×
164	Bengaluru	IND	19.5	3.9×
165	Almaty	KAZ	19.4	3.9×
166	Rubavu	RWA	19.4	3.9×
167	Fergana	UZB	19.3	3.9×
168	Zagreb	HRV	19.3	3.9×
169	Musanze	RWA	19.3	3.9×
170	Bucharest	ROU	19.2	3.8×
171	Koforidua	GHA	19.1	3.8×
172	Da Nang	VNM	19.0	3.8×
173	Arua	UGA	19.0	3.8×
174	Pristina	XKX	19.0	3.8×
175	Slavonski Brod	HRV	18.9	3.8×
176	Kobe	JPN	18.9	3.8×
177	Banja Luka	BIH	18.9	3.8×
178	Nay Pyi Taw	MMR	18.8	3.8×
179	Mandalay	MMR	18.8	3.8×
180	Kyzyl-Kyya	KGZ	18.8	3.8×
181	Johor Bahru	MYS	18.7	3.7×
182	Dessie	ETH	18.7	3.7×
183	Woodlands	SGP	18.7	3.7×
184	Sarajevo	BIH	18.7	3.7×
185	Osaka	JPN	18.6	3.7×
186	Skopje	MKD	18.6	3.7×
187	Negombo	LKA	18.6	3.7×
188	Taoyuan City	TWN	18.5	3.7×
189	Namangan	UZB	18.5	3.7×
190	Daloa	CIV	18.5	3.7×
191	Sukhothai	THA	18.4	3.7×
192	Yazd	IRN	18.3	3.7×
193	Ashdod	ISR	18.3	3.7×
194	Ljubljana	SVN	18.2	3.6×
195	Kunming	CHN	18.1	3.6×
196	Ferizaj	XKX	18.0	3.6×
197	Daegu	KOR	17.9	3.6×
198	Izmir	TUR	17.9	3.6×
199	Grodno	BLR	17.9	3.6×
200	Accra	GHA	17.9	3.6×
201	Tema	GHA	17.9	3.6×
202	Trashigang	BTN	17.9	3.6×
203	Rio de Janeiro	BRA	17.8	3.6×
204	Tashkent	UZB	17.8	3.6×
205	Prizren	XKX	17.8	3.6×
206	Andijan	UZB	17.7	3.5×
207	Cobija	BOL	17.7	3.5×
208	Vang Vieng	LAO	17.5	3.5×
209	Entebbe	UGA	17.5	3.5×
210	Rusizi	RWA	17.5	3.5×
211	Vientiane	LAO	17.4	3.5×
212	Novi Sad	SRB	17.4	3.5×
213	Mansoura	EGY	17.4	3.5×
214	Khon Kaen	THA	17.3	3.5×
215	George Town	MYS	17.3	3.5×
216	Niš	SRB	17.3	3.5×
217	Nyanza	RWA	17.3	3.5×
218	Huye	RWA	17.3	3.5×
219	Quetta	PAK	17.3	3.5×
220	Tripoli	LBN	17.2	3.4×
221	Adana	TUR	17.1	3.4×
222	Yangon	MMR	17.1	3.4×
223	Sekondi-Takoradi	GHA	17.1	3.4×
224	Karongi	RWA	17.0	3.4×
225	Gjilan	XKX	17.0	3.4×
226	Wrocław	POL	16.9	3.4×
227	Łódź	POL	16.9	3.4×
228	Jalal-Abad	KGZ	16.9	3.4×
229	Pokhara	NPL	16.9	3.4×
230	Byblos	LBN	16.9	3.4×
231	Gjakova	XKX	16.8	3.4×
232	Cape Town	ZAF	16.7	3.3×
233	Busan	KOR	16.6	3.3×
234	Cape Coast	GHA	16.5	3.3×
235	Adama	ETH	16.5	3.3×
236	Rishon LeZion	ISR	16.5	3.3×
237	Herzliya	ISR	16.4	3.3×
238	Chiang Rai	THA	16.3	3.3×
239	Bursa	TUR	16.3	3.3×
240	Zarqa	JOR	16.3	3.3×
241	Addis Ababa	ETH	16.3	3.3×
242	Can Tho	VNM	16.1	3.2×
243	Phnom Penh	KHM	16.1	3.2×
244	Sofia	BGR	16.1	3.2×
245	Guatemala City	GTM	16.1	3.2×
246	Makassar	IDN	16.1	3.2×
247	Nagoya	JPN	16.0	3.2×
248	Nakhon Ratchasima	THA	16.0	3.2×
249	Udon Thani	THA	15.9	3.2×
250	Bogota	COL	15.8	3.2×
251	Lira	UGA	15.8	3.2×
252	Abidjan	CIV	15.8	3.2×
253	Nairobi	KEN	15.7	3.1×
254	Pretoria	ZAF	15.7	3.1×
255	Grand-Bassam	CIV	15.7	3.1×
256	Tel Aviv-Yafo	ISR	15.6	3.1×
257	Gaziantep	TUR	15.5	3.1×
258	Mawlamyine	MMR	15.5	3.1×
259	Santa Cruz de la Sierra	BOL	15.5	3.1×
260	Jurong East	SGP	15.5	3.1×
261	Poznań	POL	15.4	3.1×
262	Kraljevo	SRB	15.4	3.1×
263	Shymkent	KAZ	15.4	3.1×
264	Bologna	ITA	15.4	3.1×
265	Bucaramanga	COL	15.2	3.0×
266	San Diego	USA	15.2	3.0×
267	Kragujevac	SRB	15.2	3.0×
268	Gagnoa	CIV	15.2	3.0×
269	Choloma	HND	15.1	3.0×
270	San Pedro Sula	HND	15.1	3.0×
271	Budapest	HUN	15.0	3.0×
272	Ostrava	CZE	15.0	3.0×
273	Kanchanaburi	THA	15.0	3.0×
274	Jerusalem	ISR	15.0	3.0×
275	Amman	JOR	14.9	3.0×
276	Osijek	HRV	14.9	3.0×
277	Kurunegala	LKA	14.9	3.0×
278	Casablanca	MAR	14.8	3.0×
279	Huehuetenango	GTM	14.8	3.0×
280	Gulu	UGA	14.8	3.0×
281	Port Said	EGY	14.8	3.0×
282	Osh	KGZ	14.6	2.9×
283	Mekelle	ETH	14.6	2.9×
284	Alexandria	EGY	14.6	2.9×
285	Be'er Sheva	ISR	14.6	2.9×
286	Metro Manila	PHL	14.5	2.9×
287	Tyre	LBN	14.5	2.9×
288	Nazareth	ISR	14.5	2.9×
289	Ipoh	MYS	14.4	2.9×
290	Cluj-Napoca	ROU	14.4	2.9×
291	Sidon	LBN	14.4	2.9×
292	Palembang	IDN	14.4	2.9×
293	Brasov	ROU	14.3	2.9×
294	Batam	IDN	14.3	2.9×
295	Downtown Core	SGP	14.3	2.9×
296	Orchard	SGP	14.3	2.9×
297	Bukit Timah	SGP	14.3	2.9×
298	Sentosa	SGP	14.3	2.9×
299	Tampines	SGP	14.3	2.9×
300	Fukuoka	JPN	14.2	2.8×
301	Luang Prabang	LAO	14.2	2.8×
302	Barcelona	ESP	14.1	2.8×
303	Jeju City	KOR	14.0	2.8×
304	Graz	AUT	14.0	2.8×
305	Aktau	KAZ	13.9	2.8×
306	Podgorica	MNE	13.9	2.8×
307	Timisoara	ROU	13.7	2.7×
308	Agadir	MAR	13.7	2.7×
309	Košice	SVK	13.7	2.7×
310	Irbid	JOR	13.7	2.7×
311	Thessaloniki	GRC	13.7	2.7×
312	Naples	ITA	13.7	2.7×
313	Chisinau	MDA	13.7	2.7×
314	Durban	ZAF	13.6	2.7×
315	Netanya	ISR	13.6	2.7×
316	Rasht	IRN	13.5	2.7×
317	Punggol	SGP	13.5	2.7×
318	New York	USA	13.4	2.7×
319	Oradea	ROU	13.3	2.7×
320	Jerash	JOR	13.3	2.7×
321	Pakse	LAO	13.3	2.7×
322	Galle	LKA	13.3	2.7×
323	Siem Reap	KHM	13.2	2.6×
324	Savannakhet	LAO	13.2	2.6×
325	Salt	JOR	13.2	2.6×
326	Pattaya	THA	13.1	2.6×
327	Debrecen	HUN	13.1	2.6×
328	Plovdiv	BGR	13.1	2.6×
329	Eilat	ISR	13.1	2.6×
330	Madaba	JOR	13.0	2.6×
331	Maracaibo	VEN	13.0	2.6×
332	Kumanovo	MKD	13.0	2.6×
333	Athens	GRC	12.9	2.6×
334	Hurghada	EGY	12.9	2.6×
335	Maribor	SVN	12.9	2.6×
336	Haifa	ISR	12.9	2.6×
337	Hua Hin	THA	12.8	2.6×
338	Bishkek	KGZ	12.8	2.6×
339	San Salvador	SLV	12.8	2.6×
340	Santa Tecla	SLV	12.8	2.6×
341	Tela	HND	12.8	2.6×
342	Antiguo Cuscatlán	SLV	12.8	2.6×
343	Mingachevir	AZE	12.8	2.6×
344	Maturin	VEN	12.8	2.6×
345	San-Pedro	CIV	12.8	2.6×
346	Klagenfurt	AUT	12.8	2.6×
347	San Miguel	SLV	12.7	2.5×
348	Miskolc	HUN	12.7	2.5×
349	Medellin	COL	12.6	2.5×
350	Gdańsk	POL	12.6	2.5×
351	Barranquilla	COL	12.6	2.5×
352	Cobán	GTM	12.6	2.5×
353	Battambang	KHM	12.5	2.5×
354	Santa Ana	SLV	12.5	2.5×
355	Rome	ITA	12.5	2.5×
356	Florence	ITA	12.5	2.5×
357	Bahir Dar	ETH	12.5	2.5×
358	Nha Trang	VNM	12.4	2.5×
359	Monterrey	MEX	12.4	2.5×
360	Sibiu	ROU	12.4	2.5×
361	Lisboa	PRT	12.3	2.5×
362	Bratislava	SVK	12.3	2.5×
363	Sanya	CHN	12.3	2.5×
364	Nyiregyhaza	HUN	12.3	2.5×
365	Baku	AZE	12.3	2.5×
366	Wangdue Phodrang	BTN	12.3	2.5×
367	Punakha	BTN	12.3	2.5×
368	Jaffna	LKA	12.3	2.5×
369	Angeles City	PHL	12.2	2.4×
370	Prague	CZE	12.2	2.4×
371	Stellenbosch	ZAF	12.2	2.4×
372	Prešov	SVK	12.2	2.4×
373	Wadi Musa	JOR	12.2	2.4×
374	Vladivostok	RUS	12.2	2.4×
375	Iasi	ROU	12.1	2.4×
376	Pecs	HUN	12.1	2.4×
377	Baalbek	LBN	12.1	2.4×
378	Usti nad Labem	CZE	12.1	2.4×
379	Lankaran	AZE	12.1	2.4×
380	Jijiga	ETH	12.1	2.4×
381	Kyoto	JPN	12.1	2.4×
382	Chingola	ZMB	12.1	2.4×
383	Antwerp	BEL	12.1	2.4×
384	Subotica	SRB	12.0	2.4×
385	Tabriz	IRN	12.0	2.4×
386	Sonsonate	SLV	12.0	2.4×
387	El Zonte	SLV	12.0	2.4×
388	Ganja	AZE	12.0	2.4×
389	Maracay	VEN	12.0	2.4×
390	Gondar	ETH	12.0	2.4×
391	Strasbourg	FRA	12.0	2.4×
392	Mostar	BIH	12.0	2.4×
393	Taunggyi	MMR	11.9	2.4×
394	Szeged	HUN	11.9	2.4×
395	Olomouc	CZE	11.9	2.4×
396	Ruse	BGR	11.9	2.4×
397	Tbilisi	GEO	11.9	2.4×
398	Aqaba	JOR	11.9	2.4×
399	Sharm El Sheikh	EGY	11.9	2.4×
400	Malacca City	MYS	11.8	2.4×
401	Gyor	HUN	11.8	2.4×
402	Brno	CZE	11.8	2.4×
403	Porto	PRT	11.8	2.4×
404	Rustavi	GEO	11.8	2.4×
405	Tirana	ALB	11.8	2.4×
406	Sumgayit	AZE	11.8	2.4×
407	Houston	USA	11.8	2.4×
408	Philadelphia	USA	11.8	2.4×
409	Saint Petersburg	RUS	11.7	2.3×
410	Qarshi	UZB	11.6	2.3×
411	Siguatepeque	HND	11.6	2.3×
412	Trnava	SVK	11.6	2.3×
413	Nitra	SVK	11.6	2.3×
414	Valencia	VEN	11.6	2.3×
415	Moshi	TZA	11.6	2.3×
416	Vienna	AUT	11.6	2.3×
417	Bitola	MKD	11.6	2.3×
418	Guadalajara	MEX	11.5	2.3×
419	Atlanta	USA	11.5	2.3×
420	Asunción	PRY	11.5	2.3×
421	Luque	PRY	11.5	2.3×
422	Seville	ESP	11.5	2.3×
423	Tegucigalpa	HND	11.5	2.3×
424	Balti	MDA	11.5	2.3×
425	Caracas	VEN	11.5	2.3×
426	Barquisimeto	VEN	11.5	2.3×
427	Washington	USA	11.5	2.3×
428	Lyon	FRA	11.5	2.3×
429	Kandy	LKA	11.5	2.3×
430	Santo Domingo	ECU	11.4	2.3×
431	Flores	GTM	11.4	2.3×
432	Puerto Barrios	GTM	11.4	2.3×
433	Ghent	BEL	11.4	2.3×
434	Eindhoven	NLD	11.4	2.3×
435	Santo Domingo	DOM	11.3	2.3×
436	Žilina	SVK	11.3	2.3×
437	Krasnodar	RUS	11.3	2.3×
438	Cahul	MDA	11.3	2.3×
439	Brussels	BEL	11.3	2.3×
440	Nakuru	KEN	11.2	2.2×
441	Phoenix	USA	11.2	2.2×
442	Antalya	TUR	11.2	2.2×
443	Fez	MAR	11.2	2.2×
444	Antofagasta	CHL	11.2	2.2×
445	Ponta Delgada	PRT	11.2	2.2×
446	Trenčín	SVK	11.2	2.2×
447	Kecskemet	HUN	11.2	2.2×
448	Tiraspol	MDA	11.2	2.2×
449	Kitwe	ZMB	11.2	2.2×
450	Paris	FRA	11.2	2.2×
451	Peja	XKX	11.2	2.2×
452	Batticaloa	LKA	11.2	2.2×
453	Dallas	USA	11.1	2.2×
454	Duesseldorf	DEU	11.1	2.2×
455	Gomel	BLR	11.1	2.2×
456	Braga	PRT	11.1	2.2×
457	Genoa	ITA	11.1	2.2×
458	Tetovo	MKD	11.1	2.2×
459	Rotterdam	NLD	11.1	2.2×
460	Hiroshima	JPN	11.0	2.2×
461	Luanshya	ZMB	11.0	2.2×
462	Pereira	COL	10.9	2.2×
463	Sihanoukville	KHM	10.9	2.2×
464	Sydney	AUS	10.9	2.2×
465	Orhei	MDA	10.9	2.2×
466	Prilep	MKD	10.9	2.2×
467	Anuradhapura	LKA	10.9	2.2×
468	Denpasar	IDN	10.8	2.2×
469	Kep	KHM	10.8	2.2×
470	Bukhara	UZB	10.8	2.2×
471	Hradec Kralove	CZE	10.8	2.2×
472	Kota Kinabalu	MYS	10.7	2.1×
473	Punta Cana	DOM	10.7	2.1×
474	Rabat	MAR	10.7	2.1×
475	Marrakech	MAR	10.7	2.1×
476	Stara Zagora	BGR	10.7	2.1×
477	Comayagua	HND	10.7	2.1×
478	Batken	KGZ	10.7	2.1×
479	Durrës	ALB	10.7	2.1×
480	Eghegnadzor	ARM	10.7	2.1×
481	Balikpapan	IDN	10.7	2.1×
482	Utrecht	NLD	10.7	2.1×
483	Valletta	MLT	10.7	2.1×
484	Merida	MEX	10.6	2.1×
485	Recife	BRA	10.6	2.1×
486	Lima	PER	10.6	2.1×
487	Toronto	CAN	10.6	2.1×
488	Edmonton	CAN	10.6	2.1×
489	Guayaquil	ECU	10.6	2.1×
490	Duran	ECU	10.6	2.1×
491	Plzen	CZE	10.6	2.1×
492	Samarkand	UZB	10.6	2.1×
493	Harare	ZWE	10.6	2.1×
494	Chitungwiza	ZWE	10.6	2.1×
495	Birkirkara	MLT	10.6	2.1×
496	Larnaca	CYP	10.6	2.1×
497	Montreal	CAN	10.5	2.1×
498	Cologne	DEU	10.5	2.1×
499	Frankfurt am Main	DEU	10.5	2.1×
500	Nukus	UZB	10.5	2.1×
501	Pardubice	CZE	10.5	2.1×
502	Mufulira	ZMB	10.5	2.1×
503	Linz	AUT	10.5	2.1×
504	Salzburg	AUT	10.5	2.1×
505	Amsterdam	NLD	10.5	2.1×
506	Trincomalee	LKA	10.5	2.1×
507	Phuket	THA	10.4	2.1×
508	Fier	ALB	10.4	2.1×
509	Masis	ARM	10.4	2.1×
510	Lille	FRA	10.4	2.1×
511	Cartagena	COL	10.3	2.1×
512	Chicago	USA	10.3	2.1×
513	Liberec	CZE	10.3	2.1×
514	Rijeka	HRV	10.3	2.1×
515	Nicosia	CYP	10.3	2.1×
516	Koper	SVN	10.3	2.1×
517	Pai	THA	10.3	2.1×
518	Hat Yai	THA	10.3	2.1×
519	Quito	ECU	10.2	2.0×
520	Madrid	ESP	10.2	2.0×
521	Detroit	USA	10.2	2.0×
522	The Hague	NLD	10.2	2.0×
523	Fortaleza	BRA	10.1	2.0×
524	Constanta	ROU	10.1	2.0×
525	Miami	USA	10.1	2.0×
526	Meknes	MAR	10.1	2.0×
527	Hamburg	DEU	10.1	2.0×
528	Valencia	ESP	10.1	2.0×
529	Minsk	BLR	10.1	2.0×
530	Yerevan	ARM	10.1	2.0×
531	Ciudad Guayana	VEN	10.1	2.0×
532	Bruges	BEL	10.1	2.0×
533	London	GBR	10.0	2.0×
534	Burgas	BGR	10.0	2.0×
535	Roatán	HND	10.0	2.0×
536	Telavi	GEO	10.0	2.0×
537	Nakhchivan City	AZE	10.0	2.0×
538	Comrat	MDA	10.0	2.0×
539	San Miguel de Tucumán	ARG	9.9	2.0×
540	Kampot	KHM	9.9	2.0×
541	Stuttgart	DEU	9.9	2.0×
542	Bilbao	ESP	9.9	2.0×
543	Chinandega	NIC	9.9	2.0×
544	Puerto Cortés	HND	9.9	2.0×
545	Elbasan	ALB	9.9	2.0×
546	Vagharshapat	ARM	9.9	2.0×
547	Mutare	ZWE	9.9	2.0×
548	Liege	BEL	9.9	2.0×
549	Nashville	USA	9.8	2.0×
550	San Francisco	USA	9.8	2.0×
551	Boston	USA	9.8	2.0×
552	Kasama	ZMB	9.8	2.0×
553	Basel	CHE	9.8	2.0×
554	Charleroi	BEL	9.8	2.0×
555	Tangier	MAR	9.7	1.9×
556	Vancouver	CAN	9.7	1.9×
557	Ciudad del Este	PRY	9.7	1.9×
558	Manta	ECU	9.7	1.9×
559	Brest	BLR	9.7	1.9×
560	Coimbra	PRT	9.7	1.9×
561	Gqeberha	ZAF	9.7	1.9×
562	Villarrica	PRY	9.7	1.9×
563	Catania	ITA	9.7	1.9×
564	Sendai	JPN	9.7	1.9×
565	Lusaka	ZMB	9.7	1.9×
566	Sliema	MLT	9.7	1.9×
567	Florianópolis	BRA	9.6	1.9×
568	Minneapolis	USA	9.6	1.9×
569	Valparaíso	CHL	9.6	1.9×
570	Viña del Mar	CHL	9.6	1.9×
571	Varna	BGR	9.6	1.9×
572	Taraz	KAZ	9.6	1.9×
573	East London	ZAF	9.6	1.9×
574	Bluefields	NIC	9.6	1.9×
575	Shkodër	ALB	9.6	1.9×
576	Ndola	ZMB	9.6	1.9×
577	Nuwara Eliya	LKA	9.6	1.9×
578	Denver	USA	9.5	1.9×
579	Riga	LVA	9.5	1.9×
580	Mwanza	TZA	9.5	1.9×
581	Krabi	THA	9.5	1.9×
582	Boca Chica	DOM	9.4	1.9×
583	Encarnación	PRY	9.4	1.9×
584	Munich	DEU	9.4	1.9×
585	Nuremberg	DEU	9.4	1.9×
586	Rhodes	GRC	9.4	1.9×
587	Banská Bystrica	SVK	9.4	1.9×
588	Ijevan	ARM	9.4	1.9×
589	Limassol	CYP	9.4	1.9×
590	Koh Samui	THA	9.4	1.9×
591	Koh Phangan	THA	9.4	1.9×
592	Santa Marta	COL	9.3	1.9×
593	Sapporo	JPN	9.3	1.9×
594	Machala	ECU	9.3	1.9×
595	Dresden	DEU	9.3	1.9×
596	Tokmok	KGZ	9.3	1.9×
597	Zürich	CHE	9.3	1.9×
598	Salvador	BRA	9.2	1.8×
599	Santiago de los Caballeros	DOM	9.2	1.8×
600	Puerto Plata	DOM	9.2	1.8×
601	Manchester	GBR	9.2	1.8×
602	Quebec City	CAN	9.2	1.8×
603	Leipzig	DEU	9.2	1.8×
604	León	NIC	9.2	1.8×
605	Trujillo	HND	9.2	1.8×
606	Split	HRV	9.2	1.8×
607	Pula	HRV	9.2	1.8×
608	Ceske Budejovice	CZE	9.2	1.8×
609	Martin	SVK	9.2	1.8×
610	Gold Coast	AUS	9.2	1.8×
611	Vilnius	LTU	9.2	1.8×
612	Davao City	PHL	9.1	1.8×
613	Berlin	DEU	9.1	1.8×
614	Malaga	ESP	9.1	1.8×
615	La Ceiba	HND	9.1	1.8×
616	Heraklion	GRC	9.1	1.8×
617	Berat	ALB	9.1	1.8×
618	Shaki	AZE	9.1	1.8×
619	Tanga	TZA	9.1	1.8×
620	Austin	USA	9.0	1.8×
621	Calgary	CAN	9.0	1.8×
622	San Antonio	USA	9.0	1.8×
623	Arusha	TZA	9.0	1.8×
624	Groningen	NLD	9.0	1.8×
625	Daru	PNG	9.0	1.8×
626	Oskemen	KAZ	8.9	1.8×
627	Atyrau	KAZ	8.9	1.8×
628	Kapan	ARM	8.9	1.8×
629	Malindi	KEN	8.8	1.8×
630	Arequipa	PER	8.8	1.8×
631	Astana	KAZ	8.8	1.8×
632	Korçë	ALB	8.8	1.8×
633	Ashtarak	ARM	8.8	1.8×
634	Dar es Salaam	TZA	8.8	1.8×
635	Mbeya	TZA	8.8	1.8×
636	Tampa	USA	8.7	1.7×
637	Birmingham	GBR	8.7	1.7×
638	Alajuela	CRI	8.7	1.7×
639	Kaliningrad	RUS	8.7	1.7×
640	Genève	CHE	8.7	1.7×
641	Playa del Carmen	MEX	8.6	1.7×
642	Omaha	USA	8.6	1.7×
643	New Orleans	USA	8.6	1.7×
644	Sosúa	DOM	8.6	1.7×
645	Patras	GRC	8.6	1.7×
646	Palermo	ITA	8.6	1.7×
647	Newcastle	AUS	8.6	1.7×
648	Dodoma	TZA	8.6	1.7×
649	Ohrid	MKD	8.6	1.7×
650	Thimphu	BTN	8.6	1.7×
651	Paro	BTN	8.6	1.7×
652	Esch-sur-Alzette	LUX	8.6	1.7×
653	Luxembourg City	LUX	8.6	1.7×
654	Mombasa	KEN	8.5	1.7×
655	Liverpool	GBR	8.5	1.7×
656	La Serena	CHL	8.5	1.7×
657	Alicante	ESP	8.5	1.7×
658	Zadar	HRV	8.5	1.7×
659	Bari	ITA	8.5	1.7×
660	Da Lat	VNM	8.4	1.7×
661	Portoviejo	ECU	8.4	1.7×
662	Faro	PRT	8.4	1.7×
663	Santorini	GRC	8.4	1.7×
664	Colon	PAN	8.4	1.7×
665	Iringa	TZA	8.4	1.7×
666	Bordeaux	FRA	8.4	1.7×
667	Kaunas	LTU	8.4	1.7×
668	Diani Beach	KEN	8.3	1.7×
669	San Pedro de Macorís	DOM	8.3	1.7×
670	Essaouira	MAR	8.3	1.7×
671	Winnipeg	CAN	8.3	1.7×
672	Marbella	ESP	8.3	1.7×
673	Aktobe	KAZ	8.3	1.7×
674	Karaganda	KAZ	8.3	1.7×
675	Brisbane	AUS	8.3	1.7×
676	Dalanzadgad	MNG	8.3	1.7×
677	Kabwe	ZMB	8.3	1.7×
678	Nantes	FRA	8.3	1.7×
679	Puerto Vallarta	MEX	8.2	1.6×
680	Mogilev	BLR	8.2	1.6×
681	Cascais	PRT	8.2	1.6×
682	Pedro Juan Caballero	PRY	8.2	1.6×
683	Lugano	CHE	8.2	1.6×
684	Seattle	USA	8.1	1.6×
685	Palma de Mallorca	ESP	8.1	1.6×
686	Semey	KAZ	8.1	1.6×
687	Chania	GRC	8.1	1.6×
688	Balykchy	KGZ	8.1	1.6×
689	Wollongong	AUS	8.1	1.6×
690	Abovyan	ARM	8.1	1.6×
691	Morogoro	TZA	8.1	1.6×
692	Cagayan de Oro	PHL	8.1	1.6×
693	Leeds	GBR	8.0	1.6×
694	Panama City	PAN	8.0	1.6×
695	Daugavpils	LVA	8.0	1.6×
696	Naryn	KGZ	8.0	1.6×
697	Corfu	GRC	8.0	1.6×
698	Jelgava	LVA	8.0	1.6×
699	Vlorë	ALB	8.0	1.6×
700	Darkhan	MNG	8.0	1.6×
701	San Jose	USA	8.0	1.6×
702	Honolulu	USA	8.0	1.6×
703	Havana	CUB	8.0	1.6×
704	Port Moresby	PNG	8.0	1.6×
705	Buenos Aires	ARG	7.9	1.6×
706	Bristol	GBR	7.9	1.6×
707	San Juan del Sur	NIC	7.9	1.6×
708	Dubrovnik	HRV	7.9	1.6×
709	Poprad	SVK	7.9	1.6×
710	Oslo	NOR	7.9	1.6×
711	Sarandë	ALB	7.9	1.6×
712	Kazan	RUS	7.9	1.6×
713	San Jose	CRI	7.8	1.6×
714	Heredia	CRI	7.8	1.6×
715	Cartago	CRI	7.8	1.6×
716	Vitebsk	BLR	7.8	1.6×
717	Gjirokastër	ALB	7.8	1.6×
718	Las Vegas	USA	7.8	1.6×
719	Barysaw	BLR	7.7	1.5×
720	Šibenik	HRV	7.7	1.5×
721	Novosibirsk	RUS	7.7	1.5×
722	Merida	VEN	7.7	1.5×
723	Zanzibar City	TZA	7.7	1.5×
724	Santiago de Cuba	CUB	7.7	1.5×
725	Marseille	FRA	7.7	1.5×
726	Kotor	MNE	7.7	1.5×
727	Ottawa	CAN	7.6	1.5×
728	Montevideo	URY	7.6	1.5×
729	Loja	ECU	7.6	1.5×
730	Managua	NIC	7.6	1.5×
731	Bern	CHE	7.6	1.5×
732	Cardiff	GBR	7.5	1.5×
733	Batumi	GEO	7.5	1.5×
734	Yekaterinburg	RUS	7.5	1.5×
735	Matanzas	CUB	7.5	1.5×
736	General Santos	PHL	7.5	1.5×
737	Puerto Princesa	PHL	7.5	1.5×
738	Innsbruck	AUT	7.5	1.5×
739	Budva	MNE	7.5	1.5×
740	Cebu City	PHL	7.4	1.5×
741	Portimão	PRT	7.4	1.5×
742	Chipata	ZMB	7.4	1.5×
743	Varadero	CUB	7.4	1.5×
744	Cienfuegos	CUB	7.4	1.5×
745	Manado	IDN	7.3	1.5×
746	Glasgow	GBR	7.3	1.5×
747	Zugdidi	GEO	7.3	1.5×
748	Kutaisi	GEO	7.3	1.5×
749	Melbourne	AUS	7.3	1.5×
750	Quba	AZE	7.3	1.5×
751	Gyumri	ARM	7.3	1.5×
752	Irkutsk	RUS	7.3	1.5×
753	Choibalsan	MNG	7.3	1.5×
754	Kadoma	ZWE	7.3	1.5×
755	Nice	FRA	7.3	1.5×
756	Lausanne	CHE	7.3	1.5×
757	La Romana	DOM	7.2	1.4×
758	Pavlodar	KAZ	7.2	1.4×
759	Estelí	NIC	7.2	1.4×
760	Sunshine Coast	AUS	7.2	1.4×
761	Copenhagen	DNK	7.2	1.4×
762	Tamarindo	CRI	7.1	1.4×
763	Funchal	PRT	7.1	1.4×
764	Malmö	SWE	7.1	1.4×
765	Sevan	ARM	7.1	1.4×
766	Sochi	RUS	7.1	1.4×
767	Pinar del Rio	CUB	7.1	1.4×
768	Toulouse	FRA	7.1	1.4×
769	Bacolod City	PHL	7.1	1.4×
770	Cali	COL	7.0	1.4×
771	Riobamba	ECU	7.0	1.4×
772	Granada	NIC	7.0	1.4×
773	Masaya	NIC	7.0	1.4×
774	Darwin	AUS	7.0	1.4×
775	Kwekwe	ZWE	7.0	1.4×
776	Holguin	CUB	7.0	1.4×
777	Talas	KGZ	6.9	1.4×
778	Vanadzor	ARM	6.9	1.4×
779	Camaguey	CUB	6.8	1.4×
780	Klaipeda	LTU	6.8	1.4×
781	Matagalpa	NIC	6.7	1.3×
782	Limon	CRI	6.7	1.3×
783	Victoria Falls	ZWE	6.7	1.3×
784	Livingstone	ZMB	6.7	1.3×
785	Santa Clara	CUB	6.7	1.3×
786	Montpellier	FRA	6.7	1.3×
787	Naga City	PHL	6.7	1.3×
788	Odense	DNK	6.7	1.3×
789	Baguio City	PHL	6.6	1.3×
790	Punta del Este	URY	6.6	1.3×
791	Liepaja	LVA	6.6	1.3×
792	Puntarenas	CRI	6.6	1.3×
793	Auckland	NZL	6.6	1.3×
794	Lund	SWE	6.5	1.3×
795	Tartu	EST	6.5	1.3×
796	Madang	PNG	6.5	1.3×
797	Cusco	PER	6.4	1.3×
798	Portland	USA	6.4	1.3×
799	Jurmala	LVA	6.4	1.3×
800	Karakol	KGZ	6.4	1.3×
801	Helsingborg	SWE	6.4	1.3×
802	Cochabamba	BOL	6.4	1.3×
803	Iloilo City	PHL	6.3	1.3×
804	Concepción	CHL	6.3	1.3×
805	Erdenet	MNG	6.3	1.3×
806	Aarhus	DNK	6.3	1.3×
807	Aalborg	DNK	6.3	1.3×
808	Dublin	IRL	6.3	1.3×
809	Lae	PNG	6.3	1.3×
810	Victoria	CAN	6.2	1.2×
811	Edinburgh	GBR	6.2	1.2×
812	George	ZAF	6.2	1.2×
813	Gweru	ZWE	6.2	1.2×
814	Temuco	CHL	6.1	1.2×
815	Rivas	NIC	6.1	1.2×
816	Drammen	NOR	6.1	1.2×
817	Trinidad	CUB	6.1	1.2×
818	Rosario	ARG	6.0	1.2×
819	Cuenca	ECU	6.0	1.2×
820	Tallinn	EST	6.0	1.2×
821	Narva	EST	6.0	1.2×
822	Iquique	CHL	5.9	1.2×
823	Khovd	MNG	5.9	1.2×
824	Goroka	PNG	5.9	1.2×
825	Mendoza	ARG	5.8	1.2×
826	La Plata	ARG	5.8	1.2×
827	Perth	AUS	5.8	1.2×
828	Göteborg	SWE	5.8	1.2×
829	Fredrikstad	NOR	5.8	1.2×
830	Bulawayo	ZWE	5.8	1.2×
831	Belfast	GBR	5.7	1.1×
832	Jaco	CRI	5.7	1.1×
833	Knysna	ZAF	5.7	1.1×
834	Bloemfontein	ZAF	5.7	1.1×
835	Murun	MNG	5.7	1.1×
836	Córdoba	ARG	5.6	1.1×
837	Rivera	URY	5.6	1.1×
838	Dumaguete	PHL	5.5	1.1×
839	Masvingo	ZWE	5.5	1.1×
840	Cork	IRL	5.5	1.1×
841	Limerick	IRL	5.5	1.1×
842	Halifax	CAN	5.4	1.1×
843	Bocas Town	PAN	5.4	1.1×
844	Helsinki	FIN	5.4	1.1×
845	Viljandi	EST	5.4	1.1×
846	Kohtla-Järve	EST	5.4	1.1×
847	Jakar	BTN	5.4	1.1×
848	Wewak	PNG	5.4	1.1×
849	Vanimo	PNG	5.4	1.1×
850	Mar del Plata	ARG	5.3	1.1×
851	Salto	URY	5.3	1.1×
852	Espoo	FIN	5.3	1.1×
853	El Alto	BOL	5.3	1.1×
854	La Paz	BOL	5.3	1.1×
855	Townsville	AUS	5.3	1.1×
856	Mount Hagen	PNG	5.3	1.1×
857	Salta	ARG	5.1	1.0×
858	Santiago	PAN	5.1	1.0×
859	Tampere	FIN	5.1	1.0×
860	Turku	FIN	5.1	1.0×
861	Lahti	FIN	5.1	1.0×
862	Rakvere	EST	5.1	1.0×
863	Ulgii	MNG	5.1	1.0×
864	Maardu	EST	5.1	1.0×
865	Geelong	AUS	5.1	1.0×
866	Hamilton	NZL	5.1	1.0×
867	Liberia	CRI	5.0	1.0×
868	Ventspils	LVA	5.0	1.0×
869	Stockholm	SWE	5.0	1.0×
870	Wellington	NZL	5.0	1.0×
871	San Isidro de El General	CRI	4.9	1.0×
872	Bergen	NOR	4.9	1.0×
873	Pärnu	EST	4.9	1.0×
874	Galway	IRL	4.9	1.0×
875	Colonia del Sacramento	URY	4.8	1.0×
876	Jyväskylä	FIN	4.8	1.0×
877	Sucre	BOL	4.8	1.0×
878	Puerto Montt	CHL	4.7	0.9×
879	Oruro	BOL	4.7	0.9×
880	Toowoomba	AUS	4.7	0.9×
881	Paysandú	URY	4.6	0.9×
882	Jönköping	SWE	4.6	0.9×
883	Oulu	FIN	4.6	0.9×
884	Tarija	BOL	4.6	0.9×
885	Sillamäe	EST	4.6	0.9×
886	Cairns	AUS	4.6	0.9×
887	Alotau	PNG	4.6	0.9×
888	Canberra	AUS	4.5	0.9×
889	Adelaide	AUS	4.4	0.9×
890	Kuressaare	EST	4.4	0.9×
891	Tauranga	NZL	4.4	0.9×
892	Linköping	SWE	4.3	0.9×
893	David	PAN	4.2	0.8×
894	Uppsala	SWE	4.2	0.8×
895	Örebro	SWE	4.1	0.8×
896	Kristiansand	NOR	4.1	0.8×
897	Kokopo	PNG	4.1	0.8×
898	Pucón	CHL	4.0	0.8×
899	Napier	NZL	4.0	0.8×
900	Boquete	PAN	3.9	0.8×
901	Kuopio	FIN	3.9	0.8×
902	Dunedin	NZL	3.9	0.8×
903	Christchurch	NZL	3.8	0.8×
904	Rotorua	NZL	3.8	0.8×
905	Hafnarfjordur	ISL	3.6	0.7×
906	Reykjavik	ISL	3.6	0.7×
907	Kopavogur	ISL	3.6	0.7×
908	Trondheim	NOR	3.5	0.7×
909	Stavanger	NOR	3.5	0.7×
910	Vaasa	FIN	3.5	0.7×
911	Potosí	BOL	3.5	0.7×
912	Hobart	AUS	3.4	0.7×
913	Umeå	SWE	3.1	0.6×
914	Rovaniemi	FIN	3.1	0.6×
915	Nelson	NZL	3.1	0.6×
916	Sandnes	NOR	2.8	0.6×
917	Ålesund	NOR	2.8	0.6×
918	Tromsø	NOR	2.4	0.5×
919	Akureyri	ISL	2.3	0.5×
920	Bariloche	ARG	1.9	0.4×
921	Queenstown	NZL	1.7	0.3×

Annual mean, so it hides seasonality — a city with a severe burning season and clean air the rest of the year lands mid-table.

Where this is wrong

An annual mean hides the season that would actually ruin a trip. Chiang Mai's burning season and Hanoi's winter are averaged away here.
Modelled reanalysis, not a ground station. These come from a global atmospheric model sampled at each city's coordinates, which is consistent across cities but is not the same as a local monitor.
PM2.5 only. Nothing here covers ozone, NO₂, or indoor air.

Sources

PM2.5: Copernicus CAMS reanalysis, sampled per city via Open-Meteo. Guideline: WHO 2021.

Air quality sits alongside cost, safety and the ratio on the research desk.

More charts

Filter cities by air quality →

Air is one column among cost, climate and ratio — the trade-off only means something when you can see them together.

The per-market deep-dives — 13 tabs of cost, visa, tax, safety and sub-national ratio for one country — are behind the Pro gate. Everything on this page is not.

Data updated 4 September 2026